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Venture capital agreements serve as the critical legal architecture governing high-risk, high-growth financing, profoundly influencing both domestic capital markets and international trade flows. These contracts, encompassing term sheets, shareholders’ agreements, and detailed financing documents, function as sophisticated mechanisms for allocating capital, distributing risk, aligning incentives, and establishing governance between entrepreneurs…

The Palermo Convention, formally known as the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, is the principal international instrument addressing transnational crime. It entered into force on September 23, 2003, and is accompanied by three protocols related to human trafficking, the smuggling of migrants, and the illicit manufacturing and trafficking…

According to Article 3 of the Tender Act enacted in 2005, transactions are categorized into three types: small, medium, and large, based on their threshold value. At the beginning of each year, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance proposes the threshold to the Council of Ministers, using the price…

The FIDA code, the Foreigners’ ID Assignment Code, is a critical identifier for foreign nationals in Iran. This unique 12-digit code functions similarly to the national ID code used by Iranian citizens, enabling foreign nationals to access a wide range of administrative, economic, and social services. This report aims to…